This is far away on the horizon, even KDE is not ported yet, and Qt5 is only at beta. But unlike when going from 4.x to 4.x+1 there is some effort in porting:
http://www.kdab.com/porting-from-qt-4-to-qt-5/
However it is possible to make one code base compatible with both versions.
I don't expect it to be a lot of work for bitcoin; we don't use qt3 support, already use #include <QtXX> instead of #include <QtGui/QtXX>, and hardly make use of advanced meta-object features. But there may be some subtle issues.