(Luke) was unsure if the code sufficiently avoided caching a time-too-new rejection, so wrote this test to check it. It looks like despite only exempting BLOCK_MUTATED, it is still okay because header failures never cache block invalidity. This test will help ensure that if this ever changes, BLOCK_TIME_FUTURE gets excluded at the same time.
This PR re-opens #17872 which went stale and addresses the nits raised by reviewers there.