I tried to map alle the Debian dependencies mentioned in the docs to a Fedora equivalent, but seemingly something is missing.
These are the ones I installed (for the GUI only, bitcoind builds fine):
qt5-qtbase-gui(forlibqt5gui5)qt5-qtbase,qt5-qtbase-commonandqt5-qtbase-devel(forlibqt5dbus5) (source)qt5-qttools,qt5-qttools-develandqt5-qttools-common(forqttools5-devandqttools5-dev-tools)protobuf-devel(forlibprotobuf-dev)protobuf-compiler(forprotobuf-compiler)
The only one explicitly missing is libqt5core5a, however since it is the core Qt5 module, I would believe qt5-qtbase would have to be good...
These are the outputs of the compilation steps: https://gist.github.com/stevenroose/cd681bcdaf1ae5b701d8
It might be relevant to note that I have KDE Plasma 5 installed, so I use Qt for almost all my applications.