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[103.168.172.156]) by gmr-mx.google.com with ESMTPS id 41be03b00d2f7-c85df07cc9fsi181148a12.3.2026.06.04.04.01.34 for (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Thu, 04 Jun 2026 04:01:34 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of pete@petertodd.org designates 103.168.172.156 as permitted sender) client-ip=103.168.172.156; Received: from phl-compute-05.internal (phl-compute-05.internal [10.202.2.45]) by mailfhigh.phl.internal (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2D394140013C; Thu, 4 Jun 2026 07:01:34 -0400 (EDT) Received: from phl-frontend-03 ([10.202.2.162]) by phl-compute-05.internal (MEProxy); Thu, 04 Jun 2026 07:01:34 -0400 X-ME-Sender: X-ME-Received: X-ME-Proxy-Cause: dmFkZTGpmb/MDuZDSJNvuAy2xwk73hz6f3ITVmE0+zKlQd8ss/QXUvS45dd3dt2HVq8x8T XUgLoFBCi68aaM0H8OS/9OM1vo2qMrx5GUDUaEhauV9wHm+jk+ewymLWC8nzDaxBFBTb9F QCFVJ+3MkJTU1JgFqfkCAXCSE0cRdW2Xu6kSBuyfMdnREQlD7sWcn6WH6HwGj40wZMIw3/ nrdigj6X7iEkUUXnoGR0AJeyeN5ssF2LcapBoo+j9GHzYQpg/2ZvRPU2R1DV1HjHCrNxwZ MiwA8iaECBx2Ej0DVSVjMOgCbbB3X1KjdsAaE5ErCQfKUM2beok/Nhgl7z7t+W/pbGaHYp F65eeo1oWAe5hr3gZeWsjF6e5jlOVqJLRtUauORarejMDkh9MxcPU4LHHhN261SKCYdEZ+ tlZFR0F8iQ0HyiqJ07wy9d6mGcBPqo9o95jF7/gyzb/2lTl8rAYkrXZLo3MzyHAw2MW549 INMGqamole5qHilVtPfxG0FHJuHBG4HfXpzrbdIb6TCZAsWDaZU8MqrUEt7cqBwATv3D0C bZOab6Hzwtw/gMJy1z3j9MgDkKRdtvT74w70O6vraKfhcJ2Oxr6qXWW/tQ/BXy8RMbgmne bix6lWlO7w/OTq9k8Bu7GIZ/Yhu6F2ywKyGkbF6iaGAAIOxYb/yndlsZLVaw X-ME-Proxy: Feedback-ID: i525146e8:Fastmail Received: by mail.messagingengine.com (Postfix) with ESMTPA; Thu, 4 Jun 2026 07:01:33 -0400 (EDT) Received: by localhost (Postfix, from userid 1000) id 32E769FC7C; Thu, 4 Jun 2026 11:01:25 +0000 (UTC) Date: Thu, 4 Jun 2026 11:01:25 +0000 From: Peter Todd To: Murch Cc: bitcoindev@googlegroups.com Subject: =?UTF-8?Q?=5Bbitcoindev=5D_One_Time_Signatures_=E2=89=A0_One_Message_Sig?= =?UTF-8?Q?ned?= Message-ID: References: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/signed; micalg=pgp-sha512; protocol="application/pgp-signature"; boundary="RnwYaUM3Xwzm2dXQ" Content-Disposition: inline In-Reply-To: X-Original-Sender: pete@petertodd.org X-Original-Authentication-Results: gmr-mx.google.com; dkim=pass header.i=@messagingengine.com header.s=fm1 header.b=NcIQanVW; spf=pass (google.com: domain of pete@petertodd.org designates 103.168.172.156 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=pete@petertodd.org Precedence: list Mailing-list: list bitcoindev@googlegroups.com; contact bitcoindev+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: X-Google-Group-Id: 786775582512 List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: , List-Unsubscribe: , X-Spam-Score: -0.8 (/) --RnwYaUM3Xwzm2dXQ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Disposition: inline On Thu, May 28, 2026 at 10:25:51AM -0700, Murch wrote: > One-time signature schemes are not well-suited for Bitcoin because they: > > - cannot be used to participate in multi-user transaction (as another > participant could fail the process and force a second signature) > - incur lost funds or lost keys upon address reuse (as every node would need > to track every output script to prevent duplicates, and the recipient has no > say in their output script being sent to another time) > - are incompatible with transaction replacement (zero-conf enthusiasts > rejoice!) Note that you can design a message signing scheme where you can use a pubkey to sign a merkle tree of messages. In the case of a transaction, multiple conflicting versions of the transaction with different fee rates. Basically, a One Time Signing Scheme that produces multiple signatures for one signing event. -- https://petertodd.org 'peter'[:-1]@petertodd.org -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Bitcoin Development Mailing List" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to bitcoindev+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com. To view this discussion visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/bitcoindev/aiFbBdvndmMhIcbW%40petertodd.org. --RnwYaUM3Xwzm2dXQ Content-Type: application/pgp-signature; name="signature.asc" -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- iQIyBAEBCgAdFiEE0RcYcKRzsEwFZ3N5Lly11TVRLzcFAmohWwgACgkQLly11TVR LzdKHw/2NtnpJrrLX1Q3z6fIetgRED+3wt8K6/gQ532pGGMPtHAOWMeEcu/X0zZT 0rwp4RFHJhRCMIib6Fm4Zs5YS3gO4+OvigZWXyQXbc7PPoB0MEBrdtfae1Ngmnzu GheNn1MSurzDLpcYGTtCfgVvxfe22jnSn267O9eN7ugf9c/9nVmN7rLoXHHwbMUG YAJP4P1rTACmhITqTfOg43mEdAILtMAqnjjgcMTfo41eHm/v4h2/KbPKj2Ll8RNl /TN1/6EFYO4cJJbM9FUuhZLfVGwo7CWpGbAOYSiuhGaQ+IZ1blaE367tTcde6r4q twcKC40ELjoPrbaCgvoHUirKgwoycRh3Ev5MigAujuyal7La1Xnxo2/UGEFUqmpj 2/C47E0HoQlM42E6qxCgUDCmb83pe086j1CJzCMH1WBW8wgTdFfDyUW//zdvYaXP hZ+PKQpBUgJV4Nlu+JTgsboe0K4wLg5msc/VE5v2+VoaE6TsJQgKbcYkquMqJh6Q rs0IiuVCF3QWAwAsAFWWcWP0qipuF8HEe6isNCE5794PFVfAscok3jFThJ/t8nce HOrxDTF4l5Y252UYfEvzWz9eD6CvvpwMLS9whtgzNrgsfl/G8xI0PZOo8xeCHKta HPrQ8dqpggeRoJrVYhud6/8v8PXvWwW6fuC9ESysjaT22dVUXQ== =d2Ep -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --RnwYaUM3Xwzm2dXQ--