Took a stab at #12574
Created a getPath method which can be used with the TestingSetup fixture to create a temp directory. Updated tests using temp directories to use this method.
I tried setting up a BOOST_GLOBAL_FIXTURE to create a truly global path for all tests but was getting linker errors when including boost/test/unit_test.hpp in test_bitcoin.cpp. Even if I had gotten the linking to work, it looks like make check invokes the test binary a bunch of times, so it may not have worked anyway.