Problem: The 5x52 field multiplication and squaring routines are hot in group arithmetic and scalar multiplication. Some compilers leave the thin wrappers and int128 inner helpers out of line, which keeps a call boundary in this hot path and limits scheduling of the 64x64->128 arithmetic.
Fix: Define SECP256K1_FORCE_INLINE next to the existing inline helper and use it for the 5x52 multiplication and squaring wrappers and int128 inner helpers.
For default optimized builds, this expands to __forceinline on MSVC-compatible compilers and to __attribute__((always_inline)) on GCC-compatible compilers. It falls back to the existing inline spelling when inlining is disabled, when optimization is disabled, when optimizing for size on GCC/Clang, or when _DEBUG is defined.
Benchmarks: Values are relative changes in Min(us), lower is better.
| Source | Host / CPU | Compiler | ecdsa_verify | ecdh | schnorrsig_verify | field_sqr | field_mul |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| local | M4-Max.local | gcc-14 14.3.0 | -9.1% | -9.0% | -9.6% | -7.0% | -4.0% |
| local | i9-ssd | GCC 16.1.0 | -5.3% | -4.1% | -5.5% | -15.7% | -11.6% |
| local | WIN-A2EHOAU4JET / Xeon E5-2637 v2 | MSVC 19.50.35728 | -2.6% | -9.3% | -2.4% | -7.4% | -7.4% |
| local | i7-hdd | GCC 14.2.0 | -10.9% | -11.1% | -10.5% | -9.4% | -21.6% |
| local | umbrel / Intel N150 | GCC 12.2.0 | -4.9% | -4.3% | -4.6% | +0.6% | -1.1% |
| local | rpi5-16-3 | GCC 14.2.0 | -0.6% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -5.5% | -1.0% |
| local | rpi4-2-1 | GCC 14.2.0 | -2.7% | -2.3% | -2.7% | -5.6% | -4.0% |
| local | nodl / Cortex-A53 | GCC 11.4.0 | -3.3% | -7.6% | -5.7% | -9.9% | -1.8% |
| andrewtoth | i9-14900HX | GCC 12.3 | -5.3% | -4.2% | -5.6% | -1.5% | -6.1% |
| theStack | Snapdragon X Elite X1E-78-100 | GCC 14.2.0 | -11.2% | n/a | -11.1% | n/a | n/a |
| sipa | Ryzen 5950X | GCC 15.2.0 | -11.4% | -10.4% | -8.4% | n/a | n/a |
<img width="2534" height="1104" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/218a4075-5937-4850-ab8b-c6fc5d2fee57" />
Tradeoffs: The speedups reproduce most consistently with GCC and MSVC. Clang was less consistently positive.
Inlining also increases code size:
| Platform | Artifact | Before | After | Delta |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| macOS GCC | libsecp256k1.a |
1,254,320 | 1,311,368 | +57,048 (+4.55%) |
| Linux GCC | libsecp256k1.a |
1,271,040 | 1,330,808 | +59,768 (+4.70%) |
| Windows MSVC Release | libsecp256k1-*.dll |
1,239,040 | 1,414,144 | +175,104 (+14.13%) |
<details><summary>Linux benchmarking script</summary>
BEFORE=8363a2d8d1b47857c437f7cf22bd11ab06c7c50f; AFTER=33b1b9c455eb2bb07eded939b36abc49859d2ccf; CC=gcc; \
API_ITERS=10000; INT_ITERS=200000; JOBS=1; \
BH=$(git rev-parse --short=12 "$BEFORE") && AH=$(git rev-parse --short=12 "$AFTER") && \
RUN=$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S) && \
ROOT="$PWD/.bench-builds/gcc-$BH-$AH-$RUN" && \
RAW="$PWD/.bench-results/secp-bench-gcc-$BH-$AH-$RUN.txt" && \
(set -e; \
mkdir -p "$ROOT" "$(dirname "$RAW")"; \
printf "host: %s, compiler: %s\n" "$(hostname)" "$("$CC" --version | sed -n '1p')" | tee "$RAW" >&2; \
old=$(git symbolic-ref --short -q HEAD || git rev-parse HEAD); \
trap 'git switch -q "$old" 2>/dev/null || git switch -q --detach "$old"' EXIT; \
for side in before after; do \
ref=$([ "$side" = before ] && printf %s "$BEFORE" || printf %s "$AFTER"); \
git cat-file -e "$ref^{commit}" 2>/dev/null || git fetch -q origin "$ref"; \
h=$(git rev-parse --short=12 "$ref"); \
b="$ROOT/$side-$h"; \
echo "== $side $h ==" >&2; \
git switch -q --detach "$ref"; \
cmake -S . -B "$b" -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER="$CC" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF -DSECP256K1_BUILD_BENCHMARK=ON -DSECP256K1_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -DSECP256K1_BUILD_EXHAUSTIVE_TESTS=OFF -DSECP256K1_BUILD_CTIME_TESTS=OFF -DSECP256K1_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF -DSECP256K1_ENABLE_MODULE_MUSIG=OFF -DSECP256K1_VALGRIND=OFF >> "$RAW" 2>&1; \
cmake --build "$b" -j "$JOBS" --target bench bench_internal >> "$RAW" 2>&1; \
echo "=== $side $ref $h ===" >> "$RAW"; \
SECP256K1_BENCH_ITERS=$API_ITERS "$b/bin/bench" ecdsa ec ecdh schnorrsig ellswift >> "$RAW"; \
SECP256K1_BENCH_ITERS=$INT_ITERS "$b/bin/bench_internal" field group ecmult hash context >> "$RAW"; \
done; \
awk -F, '/^=== /{split($0,p," "); side=p[2]; next} /^[[:alnum:]_][[:alnum:]_]*[[:space:]]*,/{name=$1; val=$2+0; gsub(/^[[:space:]]+|[[:space:]]+$/,"",name); if(name!="Benchmark"){if(!(name in seen)){seen[name]=1; order[++n]=name} x[side,name]=val}} END{print "Benchmark\tBefore min(us)\tAfter min(us)\tDelta"; for(i=1;i<=n;i++){name=order[i]; b=x["before",name]; a=x["after",name]; if(b&&a) printf "%s\t%.6g\t%.6g\t%+.1f%%\n",name,b,a,100*(a-b)/b}}' "$RAW" | column -t -s $'\t'; \
echo "raw: $RAW" >&2)
</details>
<details><summary>Linux size comparison script</summary>
BEFORE=8363a2d8d1b47857c437f7cf22bd11ab06c7c50f; AFTER=33b1b9c455eb2bb07eded939b36abc49859d2ccf; CC=gcc; JOBS=1; \
BH=$(git rev-parse --short=12 "$BEFORE"); AH=$(git rev-parse --short=12 "$AFTER"); RUN=$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S); ROOT="$PWD/.size-builds/gcc-$BH-$AH-$RUN"; \
(set -e; old=$(git symbolic-ref --short -q HEAD || git rev-parse HEAD); trap 'git switch -q "$old" 2>/dev/null || git switch -q --detach "$old"' EXIT; \
printf "host: %s, compiler: %s\n" "$(hostname)" "$("$CC" --version | sed -n '1p')"; \
for side in before after; do \
ref=$([ "$side" = before ] && printf %s "$BEFORE" || printf %s "$AFTER"); git cat-file -e "$ref^{commit}" 2>/dev/null || git fetch -q origin "$ref"; h=$(git rev-parse --short=12 "$ref"); b="$ROOT/$side-$h"; \
git switch -q --detach "$ref"; \
cmake -S . -B "$b" -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER="$CC" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF -DSECP256K1_BUILD_BENCHMARK=OFF -DSECP256K1_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -DSECP256K1_BUILD_EXHAUSTIVE_TESTS=OFF -DSECP256K1_BUILD_CTIME_TESTS=OFF -DSECP256K1_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF -DSECP256K1_ENABLE_MODULE_MUSIG=OFF -DSECP256K1_VALGRIND=OFF >/dev/null; \
cmake --build "$b" -j "$JOBS" --target secp256k1 >/dev/null; \
lib=$(find "$b" -name 'libsecp256k1.a' -print -quit); \
bytes=$(wc -c < "$lib" | tr -d ' '); \
printf "%s\t%s\t%s\n" "$side" "$h" "$bytes"; \
done | awk 'BEGIN{print "Side\tCommit\tlibsecp256k1.a bytes"} {print; size[$1]=$3} END{if(size["before"]&&size["after"]) printf "Delta\t\t%+d bytes (%+.2f%%)\n",size["after"]-size["before"],100*(size["after"]-size["before"])/size["before"]}' | column -t -s $'\t')
</details>
<details><summary>host: M4-Max.local, compiler: gcc-14 (Homebrew GCC 14.3.0) 14.3.0</summary>
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 17.5 15.9 -9.1%
ecdsa_sign 12.3 12.1 -1.6%
ec_keygen 8.07 7.77 -3.7%
ecdh 16.6 15.1 -9.0%
schnorrsig_sign 8.6 8.29 -3.6%
schnorrsig_verify 17.8 16.1 -9.6%
ellswift_encode 11.1 11.1 +0.0%
ellswift_decode 4.68 4.69 +0.2%
ellswift_keygen 19.4 19.1 -1.5%
ellswift_ecdh 18.5 17.1 -7.6%
field_half 0.00154 0.00155 +0.6%
field_normalize 0.00665 0.00672 +1.1%
field_normalize_weak 0.00291 0.00291 +0.0%
field_sqr 0.00871 0.0081 -7.0%
field_mul 0.00969 0.0093 -4.0%
field_inverse 1.57 1.58 +0.6%
field_inverse_var 0.735 0.742 +1.0%
field_is_square_var 0.994 1 +0.6%
field_sqrt 2.21 2.22 +0.5%
group_double_var 0.0502 0.0447 -11.0%
group_add_var 0.126 0.11 -12.7%
group_add_affine 0.1 0.0922 -7.8%
group_add_affine_var 0.0887 0.077 -13.2%
group_add_zinv_var 0.106 0.0902 -14.9%
group_to_affine_var 0.774 0.774 +0.0%
ecmult_wnaf 0.334 0.334 +0.0%
hash_sha256 0.12 0.12 +0.0%
hash_hmac_sha256 0.464 0.463 -0.2%
hash_rfc6979_hmac_sha256 2.55 2.55 +0.0%
context_create 1.96 1.96 +0.0%
Side Commit libsecp256k1.a bytes
before 8363a2d8d1b4 1254320
after 33b1b9c455eb 1311368
Delta +57048 bytes (+4.55%)
</details>
<details><summary>host: WIN-A2EHOAU4JET (Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2637 v2 @ 3.50GHz), system: Microsoft Windows NT 10.0.20348.0, compiler: Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.50.35728 for x64</summary>
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 74.1 72.2 -2.6%
ecdsa_sign 43.3 41.4 -4.4%
ec_keygen 32.3 30 -7.1%
ecdh 75 68 -9.3%
schnorrsig_sign 34.1 32 -6.2%
schnorrsig_verify 74.9 73.1 -2.4%
ellswift_encode 32.3 32.5 +0.6%
ellswift_decode 14.4 14.6 +1.4%
ellswift_keygen 64.6 62.9 -2.6%
ellswift_ecdh 80.2 73.7 -8.1%
field_half 0.00378 0.00378 +0.0%
field_normalize 0.0114 0.0114 +0.0%
field_normalize_weak 0.00389 0.00389 +0.0%
field_sqr 0.0272 0.0252 -7.4%
field_mul 0.0394 0.0365 -7.4%
field_inverse 3.27 3.29 +0.6%
field_inverse_var 2.07 2.11 +1.9%
field_is_square_var 2.7 2.67 -1.1%
field_sqrt 7.47 6.98 -6.6%
group_double_var 0.245 0.207 -15.5%
group_add_var 0.6 0.525 -12.5%
group_add_affine 0.465 0.405 -12.9%
group_add_affine_var 0.418 0.358 -14.4%
group_add_zinv_var 0.458 0.403 -12.0%
group_to_affine_var 2.25 2.26 +0.4%
ecmult_wnaf 0.58 0.59 +1.7%
hash_sha256 0.332 0.333 +0.3%
hash_hmac_sha256 1.31 1.31 +0.0%
hash_rfc6979_hmac_sha256 7.23 7.2 -0.4%
context_create 3.32 3.34 +0.6%
Side Commit DLL bytes
before 8363a2d8d1b4 1239040
after a37e34e187da 1414144
Delta 175104 (+14.13%)
</details>
<details><summary>host: i9-ssd, compiler: gcc (GCC) 16.1.0</summary>
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 39.6 37.5 -5.3%
ecdsa_sign 27.1 26.4 -2.6%
ec_keygen 18.2 17.5 -3.8%
ecdh 39 37.4 -4.1%
schnorrsig_sign 19.5 18.7 -4.1%
schnorrsig_verify 40.3 38.1 -5.5%
ellswift_encode 20.1 19.9 -1.0%
ellswift_decode 8.59 8.46 -1.5%
ellswift_keygen 38.2 37.3 -2.4%
ellswift_ecdh 43.4 40.9 -5.8%
field_half 0.00275 0.00275 +0.0%
field_normalize 0.00995 0.00994 -0.1%
field_normalize_weak 0.00378 0.00378 +0.0%
field_sqr 0.0178 0.015 -15.7%
field_mul 0.019 0.0168 -11.6%
field_inverse 2.41 2.39 -0.8%
field_inverse_var 1.32 1.28 -3.0%
field_is_square_var 1.69 1.68 -0.6%
field_sqrt 4.21 4.16 -1.2%
group_double_var 0.121 0.115 -5.0%
group_add_var 0.309 0.272 -12.0%
group_add_affine 0.248 0.231 -6.9%
group_add_affine_var 0.216 0.194 -10.2%
group_add_zinv_var 0.245 0.213 -13.1%
group_to_affine_var 1.41 1.36 -3.5%
ecmult_wnaf 0.536 0.581 +8.4%
hash_sha256 0.29 0.286 -1.4%
hash_hmac_sha256 1.14 1.13 -0.9%
hash_rfc6979_hmac_sha256 6.3 6.21 -1.4%
context_create 2.68 2.68 +0.0%
Side Commit libsecp256k1.a bytes
before 8363a2d8d1b4 1271040
after 33b1b9c455eb 1330808
Delta +59768 bytes (+4.70%)
</details>
<details><summary>host: i7-hdd, compiler: gcc (Ubuntu 14.2.0-19ubuntu2) 14.2.0</summary>
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 43.1 38.4 -10.9%
ecdsa_sign 28.4 27.3 -3.9%
ec_keygen 19.3 18 -6.7%
ecdh 43.2 38.4 -11.1%
schnorrsig_sign 20.6 19.4 -5.8%
schnorrsig_verify 43.7 39.1 -10.5%
ellswift_encode 19.9 19.7 -1.0%
ellswift_decode 8.48 8.41 -0.8%
ellswift_keygen 39.2 37.8 -3.6%
ellswift_ecdh 46.4 41.8 -9.9%
field_half 0.00275 0.00275 +0.0%
field_normalize 0.00998 0.00998 +0.0%
field_normalize_weak 0.00402 0.00402 +0.0%
field_sqr 0.017 0.0154 -9.4%
field_mul 0.0218 0.0171 -21.6%
field_inverse 2.49 2.46 -1.2%
field_inverse_var 1.36 1.35 -0.7%
field_is_square_var 1.66 1.67 +0.6%
field_sqrt 4.07 4.07 +0.0%
group_double_var 0.132 0.119 -9.8%
group_add_var 0.346 0.28 -19.1%
group_add_affine 0.266 0.236 -11.3%
group_add_affine_var 0.243 0.201 -17.3%
group_add_zinv_var 0.265 0.216 -18.5%
group_to_affine_var 1.46 1.44 -1.4%
ecmult_wnaf 0.554 0.604 +9.0%
hash_sha256 0.305 0.298 -2.3%
hash_hmac_sha256 1.18 1.17 -0.8%
hash_rfc6979_hmac_sha256 6.47 6.43 -0.6%
context_create 2.73 2.71 -0.7%
</details>
<details><summary>host: rpi5-16-3, compiler: gcc (Ubuntu 14.2.0-19ubuntu2) 14.2.0</summary>
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 157 156 -0.6%
ecdsa_sign 69.5 69.3 -0.3%
ec_keygen 57.6 57.5 -0.2%
ecdh 149 148 -0.7%
schnorrsig_sign 59.3 59 -0.5%
schnorrsig_verify 158 157 -0.6%
ellswift_encode 44.9 44.8 -0.2%
ellswift_decode 24.2 24.2 +0.0%
ellswift_keygen 103 102 -1.0%
ellswift_ecdh 154 154 +0.0%
field_half 0.00334 0.00334 +0.0%
field_normalize 0.0143 0.0144 +0.7%
field_normalize_weak 0.00543 0.00543 +0.0%
field_sqr 0.0654 0.0618 -5.5%
field_mul 0.0919 0.091 -1.0%
field_inverse 4.8 4.78 -0.4%
field_inverse_var 2.24 2.24 +0.0%
field_is_square_var 2.31 2.31 +0.0%
field_sqrt 17 17 +0.0%
group_double_var 0.526 0.525 -0.2%
group_add_var 1.35 1.34 -0.7%
group_add_affine 0.988 0.984 -0.4%
group_add_affine_var 0.926 0.915 -1.2%
group_add_zinv_var 1.02 1.01 -1.0%
group_to_affine_var 2.6 2.6 +0.0%
ecmult_wnaf 0.606 0.614 +1.3%
hash_sha256 0.316 0.315 -0.3%
hash_hmac_sha256 1.2 1.2 +0.0%
hash_rfc6979_hmac_sha256 6.62 6.62 +0.0%
context_create 4.18 4.18 +0.0%
</details>
<details><summary>host: rpi4-2-1, compiler: gcc (Ubuntu 14.2.0-19ubuntu2) 14.2.0</summary>
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 222 216 -2.7%
ecdsa_sign 111 109 -1.8%
ec_keygen 90.4 88.6 -2.0%
ecdh 216 211 -2.3%
schnorrsig_sign 93.4 91.4 -2.1%
schnorrsig_verify 224 218 -2.7%
ellswift_encode 64.2 64.1 -0.2%
ellswift_decode 33.5 33.5 +0.0%
ellswift_keygen 156 153 -1.9%
ellswift_ecdh 226 220 -2.7%
field_half 0.00447 0.00447 +0.0%
field_normalize 0.0215 0.0215 +0.0%
field_normalize_weak 0.00783 0.00783 +0.0%
field_sqr 0.0871 0.0822 -5.6%
field_mul 0.126 0.121 -4.0%
field_inverse 8.54 8.54 +0.0%
field_inverse_var 3.25 3.25 +0.0%
field_is_square_var 3.57 3.57 +0.0%
field_sqrt 22.7 22.6 -0.4%
group_double_var 0.72 0.71 -1.4%
group_add_var 1.87 1.8 -3.7%
group_add_affine 1.4 1.36 -2.9%
group_add_affine_var 1.3 1.24 -4.6%
group_add_zinv_var 1.42 1.37 -3.5%
group_to_affine_var 3.76 3.75 -0.3%
ecmult_wnaf 1.06 1.05 -0.9%
hash_sha256 0.532 0.531 -0.2%
hash_hmac_sha256 2.02 2.02 +0.0%
hash_rfc6979_hmac_sha256 11.2 11.2 +0.0%
context_create 6.8 6.8 +0.0%
</details>
<details><summary>host: umbrel (Intel(R) N150), compiler: gcc (Debian 12.2.0-14+deb12u1) 12.2.0</summary>
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 371 353 -4.9%
ecdsa_sign 163 160 -1.8%
ec_keygen 129 123 -4.7%
ecdh 347 332 -4.3%
schnorrsig_sign 131 126 -3.8%
schnorrsig_verify 373 356 -4.6%
ellswift_encode 143 142 -0.7%
ellswift_decode 71.3 70.8 -0.7%
ellswift_keygen 272 268 -1.5%
ellswift_ecdh 367 352 -4.1%
field_half 0.0124 0.0124 +0.0%
field_normalize 0.0439 0.0439 +0.0%
field_normalize_weak 0.0192 0.0192 +0.0%
field_sqr 0.168 0.169 +0.6%
field_mul 0.182 0.18 -1.1%
field_inverse 11.2 11.2 +0.0%
field_inverse_var 8.44 8.4 -0.5%
field_is_square_var 9.56 9.55 -0.1%
field_sqrt 45 44 -2.2%
group_double_var 1.25 1.18 -5.6%
group_add_var 2.92 2.68 -8.2%
group_add_affine 2.22 2.12 -4.5%
group_add_affine_var 2.02 1.86 -7.9%
group_add_zinv_var 2.21 2.01 -9.0%
group_to_affine_var 9.25 9.13 -1.3%
ecmult_wnaf 2.51 2.45 -2.4%
hash_sha256 1.13 1.12 -0.9%
hash_hmac_sha256 4.44 4.44 +0.0%
hash_rfc6979_hmac_sha256 24.4 24.4 +0.0%
context_create 14.2 14.1 -0.7%
</details>
<details><summary>host: nodl (Cortex-A53), compiler: gcc (Ubuntu 11.4.0-1ubuntu1~22.04.3) 11.4.0</summary>
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 632 611 -3.3%
ecdsa_sign 308 291 -5.5%
ec_keygen 228 212 -7.0%
ecdh 633 585 -7.6%
schnorrsig_sign 231 221 -4.3%
schnorrsig_verify 630 594 -5.7%
ellswift_encode 156 156 +0.0%
ellswift_decode 80 76.1 -4.9%
ellswift_keygen 438 455 +3.9%
ellswift_ecdh 613 599 -2.3%
field_half 0.0106 0.00985 -7.1%
field_normalize 0.0483 0.0499 +3.3%
field_normalize_weak 0.0173 0.0173 +0.0%
field_sqr 0.202 0.182 -9.9%
field_mul 0.278 0.273 -1.8%
field_inverse 21.3 21.1 -0.9%
field_inverse_var 7.67 7.48 -2.5%
field_is_square_var 8.73 8.91 +2.1%
field_sqrt 65.8 61.9 -5.9%
group_double_var 2.04 1.9 -6.9%
group_add_var 5.35 5.09 -4.9%
group_add_affine 3.93 3.51 -10.7%
group_add_affine_var 3.56 3.32 -6.7%
group_add_zinv_var 3.94 3.65 -7.4%
group_to_affine_var 9.56 10.4 +8.8%
ecmult_wnaf 2.37 2.48 +4.6%
hash_sha256 1.13 1.19 +5.3%
hash_hmac_sha256 5.08 4.76 -6.3%
hash_rfc6979_hmac_sha256 33.3 31.2 -6.3%
context_create 19.3 18.8 -2.6%
</details>
<details><summary>Reviewer measurements</summary>
andrewtoth, i9-14900HX, GCC 12.3
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 22.7 21.5 -5.3%
ecdsa_sign 14.3 14.0 -2.1%
ec_keygen 9.90 9.54 -3.6%
ecdh 21.6 20.7 -4.2%
schnorrsig_sign 10.6 10.2 -3.8%
schnorrsig_verify 23.1 21.8 -5.6%
ellswift_ecdh 23.8 22.7 -4.6%
field_sqr 0.00912 0.00898 -1.5%
field_mul 0.0114 0.0107 -6.1%
field_inverse 1.23 1.24 +0.8%
field_inverse_var 0.770 0.773 +0.4%
field_is_square_var 1.06 1.05 -0.9%
field_sqrt 2.82 2.46 -12.8%
group_double_var 0.0701 0.0612 -12.7%
group_add_var 0.168 0.153 -8.9%
group_add_affine 0.132 0.123 -6.8%
group_add_affine_var 0.120 0.103 -14.2%
group_add_zinv_var 0.138 0.117 -15.2%
group_to_affine_var 0.820 0.819 -0.1%
theStack, Snapdragon X Elite X1E-78-100, GCC 14.2.0
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 24.1 21.4 -11.2%
ecdsa_sign 19.0 18.5 -2.6%
schnorrsig_sign 13.0 12.7 -2.3%
schnorrsig_verify 24.4 21.7 -11.1%
Bitcoin Core subtree bench_bitcoin -filter=VerifyScript.*:
Benchmark Before ns/script After ns/script Delta
VerifyScriptP2TR_KeyPath 23679.52 20899.66 -11.7%
VerifyScriptP2TR_ScriptPath 43430.71 39280.19 -9.6%
VerifyScriptP2WPKH 23526.82 20870.22 -11.3%
sipa, Ryzen 5950X, GCC 15.2.0
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 30.8 27.3 -11.4%
ecdsa_sign 18.7 17.2 -8.0%
ec_keygen 13.6 12.2 -10.3%
ecdh 29.8 26.7 -10.4%
ecdsa_recover 31.0 28.2 -9.0%
schnorrsig_sign 14.4 13.0 -9.7%
schnorrsig_verify 31.1 28.5 -8.4%
ellswift_encode 13.2 13.4 +1.5%
ellswift_decode 5.79 5.84 +0.9%
ellswift_keygen 26.8 25.7 -4.1%
ellswift_ecdh 32.1 29.6 -7.8%
</details>
clang:
<details><summary>host: i9-ssd, compiler: Ubuntu clang version 22.1.6 (++20260508084839+c0262e742787-1~exp1~20260508204859.77)</summary>
Benchmark Before min(us) After min(us) Delta
ecdsa_verify 40.1 39.8 -0.7%
ecdsa_sign 29.2 29.1 -0.3%
ec_keygen 19.5 19.6 +0.5%
ecdh 40.3 39.8 -1.2%
schnorrsig_sign 21 20.9 -0.5%
schnorrsig_verify 40.6 40.3 -0.7%
ellswift_encode 20.1 20.1 +0.0%
ellswift_decode 8.43 8.41 -0.2%
ellswift_keygen 39.8 39.7 -0.3%
ellswift_ecdh 44.1 43.5 -1.4%
field_half 0.0028 0.0028 +0.0%
field_normalize 0.00889 0.00891 +0.2%
field_normalize_weak 0.0037 0.0037 +0.0%
field_sqr 0.0144 0.0144 +0.0%
field_mul 0.021 0.019 -9.5%
field_inverse 2.6 2.64 +1.5%
field_inverse_var 1.34 1.35 +0.7%
field_is_square_var 1.73 1.73 +0.0%
field_sqrt 3.95 3.96 +0.3%
group_double_var 0.128 0.125 -2.3%
group_add_var 0.311 0.31 -0.3%
group_add_affine 0.243 0.242 -0.4%
group_add_affine_var 0.207 0.207 +0.0%
group_add_zinv_var 0.229 0.228 -0.4%
group_to_affine_var 1.43 1.44 +0.7%
ecmult_wnaf 0.536 0.598 +11.6%
hash_sha256 0.3 0.299 -0.3%
hash_hmac_sha256 1.18 1.18 +0.0%
hash_rfc6979_hmac_sha256 6.51 6.53 +0.3%
context_create 2.16 2.15 -0.5%
</details>
reindex-chainstate:
<details><summary>2026-05-28 | reindex-chainstate | 950059 blocks | dbcache 5000 | i9-ssd | x86_64 | Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-9900K CPU @ 3.60GHz | 16 cores | 62Gi RAM | SSD</summary>
for DBCACHE in 5000; do \
COMMITS="67250b1d97e6159d908ef44639b6a12471e7c717 c264526415f38afb9890003003b7de39b370b745"; \
STOP=950059; CC=gcc; CXX=g++; \
BASE_DIR="/mnt/my_storage"; DATA_DIR="$BASE_DIR/BitcoinData"; LOG_DIR="$BASE_DIR/logs"; \
(echo ""; for c in $COMMITS; do git fetch -q origin "$c" 2>/dev/null || true; git log -1 --pretty='%h %s' $c || exit 1; done) && \
(echo "" && echo "$(date -I) | reindex-chainstate | ${STOP} blocks | dbcache ${DBCACHE} | $(hostname) | $(uname -m) | $(lscpu | grep 'Model name' | head -1 | cut -d: -f2 | xargs) | $(nproc) cores | $(free -h | awk '/^Mem:/{print $2}') RAM | $(l
sblk -no ROTA $(df --output=source $BASE_DIR | tail -1) | grep -q 1 && echo HDD || echo SSD)"; echo "") && \
hyperfine \
--sort command \
--runs 1 \
--export-json "$BASE_DIR/rdx-$(sed -E 's/[^ ]+/\L&/g;s/[.]/_/g;s/ /-/g'<<<"$COMMITS")-$STOP-$DBCACHE-$CC.json" \
--parameter-list COMMIT ${COMMITS// /,} \
--prepare "killall -9 bitcoind 2>/dev/null; rm -f ./build/bin/bitcoind; git clean -fxd; git reset --hard {COMMIT} && \
cmake -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release && ninja -C build bitcoind -j1 && \
./build/bin/bitcoind -datadir=$DATA_DIR -stopatheight=$STOP -dbcache=1000 -printtoconsole=0; sleep 20; rm -f $DATA_DIR/debug.log; rm -rfd $DATA_DIR/indexes;" \
--conclude "killall bitcoind || true; sleep 5; grep -q 'height=0' $DATA_DIR/debug.log && grep -q 'Disabling script verification at block [#1](/bitcoin-core-secp256k1/1/)' $DATA_DIR/debug.log && grep -q 'height=$STOP' $DATA_DIR/debug.log && grep 'Bitcoin Core version' $DATA_
DIR/debug.log | grep -q \"\$(git rev-parse --short=12 {COMMIT})\"; \
cp $DATA_DIR/debug.log $LOG_DIR/debug-{COMMIT}-$(date +%s).log" \
"COMPILER=$CC ./build/bin/bitcoind -datadir=$DATA_DIR -stopatheight=$STOP -dbcache=$DBCACHE -reindex-chainstate -blocksonly -connect=0 -printtoconsole=0 -assumevalid=0"; \
done
67250b1d97 parallel input fetcher
c264526415 Refactor: optimize scalar reduction and arithmetic functions.
2026-05-28 | reindex-chainstate | 950059 blocks | dbcache 5000 | i9-ssd | x86_64 | Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-9900K CPU @ 3.60GHz | 16 cores | 62Gi RAM | SSD
Benchmark 1: COMPILER=gcc ./build/bin/bitcoind -datadir=/mnt/my_storage/BitcoinData -stopatheight=950059 -dbcache=5000 -reindex-chainstate -blocksonly -connect=0 -printtoconsole=0 -assumevalid=0 (COMMIT = 67250b1d97e6159d908ef44639b6a12471e7c717)
Time (abs ≡): 37155.108 s [User: 375835.978 s, System: 978.929 s]
Benchmark 2: COMPILER=gcc ./build/bin/bitcoind -datadir=/mnt/my_storage/BitcoinData -stopatheight=950059 -dbcache=5000 -reindex-chainstate -blocksonly -connect=0 -printtoconsole=0 -assumevalid=0 (COMMIT = c264526415f38afb9890003003b7de39b370b745)
Time (abs ≡): 36261.785 s [User: 362247.387 s, System: 1002.867 s]
Relative speed comparison
1.02 COMPILER=gcc ./build/bin/bitcoind -datadir=/mnt/my_storage/BitcoinData -stopatheight=950059 -dbcache=5000 -reindex-chainstate -blocksonly -connect=0 -printtoconsole=0 -assumevalid=0 (COMMIT = 67250b1d97e6159d908ef44639b6a12471e7c717)
1.00 COMPILER=gcc ./build/bin/bitcoind -datadir=/mnt/my_storage/BitcoinData -stopatheight=950059 -dbcache=5000 -reindex-chainstate -blocksonly -connect=0 -printtoconsole=0 -assumevalid=0 (COMMIT = c264526415f38afb9890003003b7de39b370b745)
</details>
