This reworks the MSAN CIs, to first compile Clang and compiler-rt (using GCC 12), and then, compile an MSAN instrumented libc++ using the just-built Clang 16. This fixes the native_fuzz_with_msan
job, working around https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=1005341, by not using the Debian provided Clang/LLVM.
Also included are changes to streamline how we use our “custom libc++”, according to upstream: https://releases.llvm.org/16.0.0/projects/libcxx/docs/UsingLibcxx.html#using-a-custom-built-libc, as well as other minor cleanups in the CI configs.
An example job is currently running in the qa-assets repo: https://github.com/bitcoin-core/qa-assets/pull/129 (https://cirrus-ci.com/task/4632561431871488).